Chemistry of fungicidal action

Buchschnitt und Seitenränder alters-/papierbedingt angebräunt - ansonsten guter ErhalungszustandContents Chapter 1 Chemical Control of Deterioration by Fungi Introduction 1 Importance of Fungicides 2 Actions of Fungicides 3 Chapter 2 Measurement of Fungitoxicity Introduction 4 Fungitoxic Action 4 Against Fungous Responses 4 Inhibition of Growth 4 Inhibition of Spore Germination 5 Inhibition of Respiration 5 Inhibition of Sporulation 5 Against Fungous Decay 6 Interpretation of Fungitoxicity 7 Dosage-Response Curves 7 Index of Fungitoxicity 8 Slope 9 Criteria of Dosage 10 Conclusions 11 Chapter 3 Fungitoxic Barriers Introduction 13 Methods of Application 13 Animal Fungicides 13 Agricultural Fungicides 14 Mixing with Soil, Seed, and Produce 14 Applying to Crops 16 Industrial Fungicides 18 Factors of Dispersal 18 Diff usion of Vapors 18 /1038376440X Contents Diffusion of Liquids 19 Flight of Particles 21 Factors of Deposition 22 The Treated Surface 22 The Fungicide Form 23 Factors of Retention 25 The Nature of the Fungicide 25 The Nature of the Plant Surface 26 Factors of Persistence 26 Resistance to Physical Removal 26 Resistance to Chemical Deterioration 27 Factors of Formulation 28 Particle Size of Water Insoluble Formulations 28 Diluent 29 Surface Active Agents 29 Safeners and Adjuvants 29 Conclusions 30 Chapter 4 Migration of Fungicide to Sites of Action Introduction 31 How the Toxicant Becomes Available 31 Vaporization 31 Solution 32 In Aqueous Media 32 In Nonaqueous Media 33 How the Toxicant Enters the Cell 33 Removal of Toxicant from the Ambient Medium 33 Penetration of External Barriers 34 Penetration of Cytoplasmic Membranes 35 Nature of Membranes 35 Binding to Membrane 36 Passage Through Membrane 36 Intracellular Migration of Toxicant to Sites of Action 38 Conclusions 38 Chapter 5 Sites of Action Introduction 39 Cell Wall 39 Contents XI Structure 39 Toxicants 40 Cell Membrane 41 Structure 41 Toxicants 41 How They Affect Passage of Solutes 41 How They Affect Passage of Water 44 Mitochondria 45 Structure 45 Toxicants 45 How They Affect Respiration 46 How They Affect Glycolysis 46 How They Affect TCA and Other Aerobic Pathways 47 How They Affect Terminal Oxidation 48 Ribosomes 49 Structure 49 Toxicants 50 How They Affect Synthesis of Nucleic Acids 50 How They Affect Synthesis of Proteins 52 Nucleus 54 Miscellaneous Components 54 Free Pools 54 Extracellular Sites 55 Conclusions 55 Chapter 6 Reactions of Fungicides with Cellular Constituents Introduction 56 Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions 56 Compounds Reacting with Cellular Thiol Groups 57 Compounds Reacting with Cellular Amino Groups 61 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 62 Chelation 62 Complementary Reactions 66 Conclusions 66 Chapter 7 Effects of Fungicides on Enzymes Introduction 67 How Fungicides Affect Enzyme Synthesis 68 Increasing Synthesis 68 XII Contents Inducible Enzymes 68 Faulty Enzymes 68 Repressing Enzyme Synthesis 68 Catabolic Enzymes 69 Biosynthetic Enzymes 69 How Fungicides Affect Enzyme Activity 70 Increasing Activity 70 Inhibiting Activity 70 Feed-back Inhibition 71 Apoenzyme Modification 71 Coenzyme Inactivation 74 Substrate Alteration 74 Conclusions 75 Chapter 8 Structure-Activity Relationships Introduction 76 Fungitoxic Reaction Centers 76 Metallic Ions 79 Sulfur 80 Dithiocarbamates 81 Quinones 82 Heterocyclic Fungicides 83 Miscellaneous Compounds 84 Permeation Centers 85 Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Fungitoxic Relations 88 Conclusions 89 Chapter 9 Action of Fungus on Fungicide Introduction 91 Storing the Toxicant 91 Physical Mechanisms 91 Partitioning into Nonaqueous Systems 91 Osmotic Effects 92 Chemical Mechanisms 92 Conversion to Undissociated Form 92 Conversion to Addition-Products 93 Producing the Toxicant 93 Degrading the Precursor 93 Synthesizing Faulty Enzymes 95 Contents XIII Detoxifying the Toxicant 95 Nonreversible Storage Mechanisms 95 Degradation of the Toxicant 96 Metal Precipitation 96 Secondary Addition Reactions 96 Reduction 97 Oxidation 97 Conclusions 98 Appendix 99 Identification and Structure of Some Fungicides 99 References 107 Subject Index 125